A

A Consumers' Republic196-197, 269

Cohen, Lizbeth196-197, 269

planned obsolescence197

improved model197

A Framework for a Regulated Market for Cannabis in the UK: Recommendations from an Expert Panel257, 261

Abbott, Max et. al.250, 262

Aboriginal Canadians and criminal law (incarceration/police enforcement)14, 120

Access

drugs98, 162, 174-178

cocaine174-175, 177

vs painkillers214

controlled accessibility170, 175

for medical needs212-213

heroin174-175

medical-grade/quality assured heroin27, 175, 235

marijuana24, 25, 111, 170-173, 174, 176-178

Canada

accessible in 'any form'131

varying states in the United States129

morphine82

painkillers212-213, 225

Portugal100

restrict access

drugs162, 178-179

unintended consequences145, 162, 174-175

alcohol, gambling, smoking185

safe injection sites27, 227, 229-330, 235

Switzerland 175

access to drugs175

controlled access175

needle syringe program175

opioid substitution175

heroin-assisted therapy (HAT)175-176

criticisms 175-176

Adamson, Peter258

Addiction14

advertising/marketing221-222

alcohol92

drugs54, 83, 116, 130

opium/opioids82, 128-129

painkillers222

physicians228

drug treatment courts64

smoking22-23, 79, 94, 95, 103, 106, 164, 167

treatment14, 61, 62, 68

methadone/buprenorphine217

synthetic substances217

Addicts

Insite clinic61

treatment14, 61, 62, 68

methadone/buprenorphine217

synthetic substances217

Adulterated drugs45, 46, 47, 145, 162, 175-176, 232

children179, 234

crush-dab-wait162

Advertising

addiction221-222

alcohol93, 95

children

advertising29, 50, 185

alcohol93

cigarettes188

non-nutritious foods110

cigarettes94, 95

Joe Camel197

ban on advertising

Quebec197

consumption

restricting advertising196-198

drugs29

marijuana

prohibit marketing/advertising136

non-nutritious foods

restrictions on advertising110, 197-198

Advertising and drugs

control supply170

curb consumption233, 93, 146

mandatory warnings29, 93, 136, 146, 189, 198-201

restriction29, 93, 110, 136, 146, 196-201, 233

Afghanistan

adulteration of drugs175-176

distribution of drugs87

heroin66

opium215

production of drugs87

Africa

pharmacies and painkillers213

African Canadians and incarceration14, 84, 120

After the Drug Wars: Report of the LSE Expert Group on the Economics of Drug Policy249, 254, 262, 263

After the War on Drugs: Blueprint for Regulation263, 264, 265, 268, 270

After the War on Drugs: Blueprint for Regulation, Executive Summary264, 265

AG of Canada v Irwin Toy Ltd.269

Ahmed, Azam and Elisabeth Malkin256

AIDS

harm reduction57

overdoses/disease68

transmission of14

transmission rates57-58

AK-47122

Alberta

drugs

deaths210, 219

drug treatment

funding refused219

fentanyl epidemic209, 219

government response 219

political view

Nenshi, Naheed219

Trew, Dr. Michael219

Swann, David219

Notley, Rachel219

W-18

higher potency than fentanyl220

Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission250

Alcohol91-94

abstinence 91

and the law22, 23

Australia

financial benefits191

impact on deaths191

social impacts191

alcopops taxes191

ready-to-drink beverages (RTDs)191

Canada79, 91, 169

comparison with drugs16, 24, 27, 93, 122

consumption20, 39, 91, 93, 169

children

forbid consumption185

excess consumption28, 92, 101, 184

levels after prohibition101

rates of 68, 39, 184, 186

suppress consumption22, 79, 80, 91, 146, 183-187

dangers/negative consequences23, 92

deaths209

dependency rate122

drinking and driving28, 64, 92, 93, 177-178, 179

children22

fatalities92, 93

decline in179

Supreme Court of Canada 93

England91

disease of the will91

Habitual Inebriates Act91

Society for the Study of Inebriety91

government monopoly168-169

harmful consumption79, 184

illegal markets39, 92

lack of harm121-122

legal interventions to curb excess189-190, 233

advertising93, 196-197

criminal sanctions93

educational campaigns93, 185

mandatory warnings93, 198, 199, 201

Canada201

prohibit sale to youths93, 185

taxing93, 191-192, 193

permit but discourage22, 78-79, 91, 92

production and sale

children

forbid consumption185, 234

licensing process171

vendors licensed171

purchasers licensed171, 177

prohibition21, 23, 39, 79, 83, 85, 94, 101, 161

children177-182

public views/opinion84, 92

regulation25, 79, 80, 100, 169

private companies169

sale of91, 101

children

forbid consumption185

government monopoly168-169

licensing process171

vendors licensed171

purchasers licensed171, 177

private companies169

taxes164, 191-195

and consumption191-192

tax rate191, 193

and effectiveness191

impact on illegal market193

EU member states193

tax revenue92

use of 195

United States91, 191, 192

vs marijuana106, 113, 124

vs painkillers214

vs substance users64, 214

Alcopops191

Alemanno, Alberto and Amandine Garde269

Allard et al v Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada260

Allard, Patricia et. al., 248

Ambrose, Rona155

Amphetamine

licensed pharmacies177

licensed purchasers177

Andreas, Peter245

Andrew-Gee, Eric273

Annan, Kofi54

Arbour, Louise54

Armendariz, Agustin, James Glanz and Walt Bogdanich263

Armstrong, James246, 258

Attitudes and norms

alcohol92

cigarettes104

drugs83, 85, 111, 233-234

consumption104-106

curtail harmful use188

legalization/decriminalization55-56

mix of interventions188, 189-190

regulation 22, 30

gambling70-72, 75-76

heroin and Vietnam War105

non-nutritious foods103, 104

smoking187-188

Australia

and alcohol191

B

Bachhuber, Marcus A. et. al.272

Bacterial contaminants

and drugs47

poor wrapping47

storage47

transportation47

unsterile equipment47

Bail and conviction14, 15

Barro, Josh270

Battle of Borodino, 1812212

Baum, Dan243, 266

Bayer Pharmaceutical Company82

Baylis, Kathy and Tirtha Dhar269

Bell, Vaughan265

Bennett, Jessica259

Bernstein, Lenny273

Berridge, Virginia251, 252

Blackwell, Tom274

Blair, Bill118, 120, 235

Blakemore, Erin267

Blanchfield, Mike256

Bloch, Matthew and Haeyoun Park271

Blocker, Jack S. Jr.253

Bogart, W.A.17, 253, 266, 268

Consequences: The Impact of Law and Its Complexity242, 244

Permit But Discourage: Regulating Excessive Consumption242, 250, 251, 253, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 270

Regulating Obesity? Government, Society, and Questions of Health255, 268, 269, 270

Bogdanich, Walt, Agustin Armendariz, and James Glanz263

Boggan, Devon L.271

Bolivia67

drug reform67

Boyle, Theresa274

Branson, Richard53

Britain

case of infection46

tainted drugs46

levamisole46

British Columbia

alcohol93

fentanyl epidemic219-220

recreational drugs

governmental management154

Broder, John269

Brody, Jane E. 259

Buchanan, Rose Troup248

Bula, Frances248

Bull, Melissa251, 252

Buprenorphine (suboxone/subutex/zubsolv)217

safer alternative217

reduction in overdoses217

use of

critics217

misuse of

critics217

Bureau of Medical Marijuana Regulation152-153

Butler, Josh264

C

Calabresi, Massimo271, 272, 276

California131

consumption

and incentives205

marijuana

regulatory agency152

medical marijuana127-128, 132, 152-153

recreational vs medicinal131, 155

prison sentences44

youths

and homicides 207

Callas, Melanie244

Campbell, Colin73

Campbell, Colin S. and Judith A. Osborne250

Campbell, Colin S., Timothy F. Hartnagel and Garry J. Smith250

Campbell, Denis252

Canada79

Alberta

fentanyl219

funding for treatment 219

government response 219

political view

Nenshi, Naheed219

Notley, Rachel219

Swann, David219

Trew, Dr. Michael219

prescription painkillers210

deaths210, 219

fentanyl epidemic209, 219

W-18 drug

higher potency220

alcohol39, 79, 91, 93, 169-170, 197

accidents93

youth93

mandatory warning labels201

Ambrose, Rona155

bail system14-15

British Columbia

alcohol93

drugs

harm reduction154

fentanyl epidemic219-220

Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police117, 256

critic

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health117

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms16

Canadian Civil Liberties Association15, 241

cigarettes94, 95-96, 151, 232

taxation 192-193

unintended consequences192-193

crime41-42

drugs26-27, 39-40, 46, 50, 85, 89

and infections45

consumption50

decriminalization124-126

public polls55-56

support (statistics)124-125

by province125

enforcement48, 50, 120

government involvement115-118

British Columbia154

legalization

public polls55-56, 125

use

Four Pillars61

drug reform

Philpott, Jane89, 226

drug treatment courts37, 63-65

gambling23, 39, 70-73, 75-76, 79, 99

criminalization71

dreadful vice70, 71

Ontario

independent regulator152

opposition71

prohibition79

Good Samaritan laws61, 227

Harper, Stephen116-117, 154

and marijuana decriminalization116-117

House Standing Committee on Health 61

King, William Lyon Mackenzie85-86

Manitoba

fentanyl scourge

prevention of219-220

marijuana21, 24

arrests and prosecution24, 116

consumption24

medicinal 24

prosecution of offences24

use123

guidelines for122-123

rates among

youths123, 178

adults123

Ontario123

revenue40

legalization26-27, 54-56, 118-120, 125

federal government 125

Trudeau, Justin118

Blair, Bill118, 120, 235

effect on international treaties 118-119

decriminalization55-56, 124-125

support (statistics)124-125

by province125

private companies169

regulation125

federal government 125

Trudeau, Justin118

Blair, Bill118, 235

medical-grade heroin175

medicinal marijuana128, 129, 130, 132, 169

dispensaries155

naloxone59-60, 226-227

National Anti-Drug Strategy48, 50

non-nutritious foods

mandatory calorie disclosure

Healthy Menus Choices Act199

Ontario46

drugs220-221, 224

fentanyl219, 224

methadone217

Narcotics Monitoring System228

overdoses58

substitution effect224

overdoses58-60, 213-215

painkillers

deaths214-215

fentanyl218-220

epidemic209

methadone217

non-medical use214

Ontario

methadone217

overdoses214-215

prescription painkillers54-55, 58-59, 220-221

rise in prescriptions209

rise in use (statistics)214, 224

caused by elimination of certain formularies224

substitution effect224

scourge of 54-55, 209-210

source of supply216

substitution effect224

users of 216

vs other substances214

alcohol214

tobacco214

cannabis214

private companies169

prohibition

alcohol39, 79

drugs50

Quebec

children

advertising29

non-nutritious foods185, 197-198

cigarettes29, 197

decriminalization125

gambling74-75

safe injection sites154

racial inequalities14, 85

Respect for Communities Act154, 263

safe injection sites61-63

Quebec154-155

opposition154-155

Vancouver61-63, 154

Safe Streets and Communities Act42, 48

critics43

smoking94, 95-96

Supreme Court of Canada15, 43, 62, 93, 131, 197, 241, 260, 269

trafficking

white women85-86

UNICEF258

cannabis use by youths123

Vancouver85

criminal law and drugs120

drug treatment courts63-64

medical marijuana dispensaries132, 155

racism

Chinese85

safe injection sites58

insite experiment61-63, 154, 175

War on Drugs13, 43, 56

decline in crime rates41-42

Canada (Attorney General) v PHS Community Services Society247

Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police117, 256

Canadian Civil Liberties Association15, 241

mandatory minimum sentences241

Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network64

Canadian Medical Association61, 130

Canadian Press247

Cannabidiol (CBD)121

health risks121

Cannabis tastings127

Capital punishment52

Carlsen, Laura243

Carstairs, Catherine86, 251, 252

Cartels37, 40, 49

and children51

Carter, Adam273

Carter, Connie I. and Brittany Graham246, 247, 277

Carter, Connie I. and Donald Macpherson242, 243, 245, 248, 252, 253, 257, 265, 271, 272, 273, 274

Casey, Nicholas258

Castel, Jacqueline R.250

Cato Institute in the U.S.69

Caulkins, Jonathan132, 257, 262

Caulkins, Jonathan P. and Michael A.C. Lee253

Caulkins, Jonathan, Mark. A.R. Kleiman and Angela Hawken253, 259, 260

CBC News257, 275

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health117-118, 119, 133-134, 168-169

Cannabis Policy Framework256, 257, 258, 261

critic of Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police117-118, 119

Kilmer, Beau

private corporations168-169

profits of sale168

resist regulation168

marijuana117, 168

prescription painkillers216

Centres for Disease Control (CDC)215-216, 228-229

prescription painkillers215-216

reduction in over prescribing228

Centre for Public Health of John

Moors University 46

Chamberlain, Erika and Robert Solomon252

Charter of Rights and Freedoms16

Chikritzhs, Tanya et. al.268

Children / teenagers/ youths51-52, 234

advertising29, 50

alcohol93

non-nutritious foods110, 197-198

smoking29, 197

and alcohol22, 28, 104, 123

drinking and driving92

forbid consumption93, 185

and drugs28, 51-52, 97, 123, 145-146, 178-179, 233

and consumption50, 178

dangers of drug use51, 178-179, 200, 233

drug prevention programs180-181

forbid consumption51-52, 185, 146

dependency51

marijuana123-124

benefits of 129

harmful effects123-124

rates in Ontario123

youths vs adults123

painkillers224-225

decline in use of224-225

prohibit sale28, 31, 51-52, 123, 145-146, 177-182, 233

and gambling28, 123

forbid consumption185

and non-nutritious foods

advertising110, 197-198

forbid consumption185

and smoking28, 95-96, 123, 179, 188

ban advertising29, 197

forbid consumption185

mandatory warnings29

criminalization22

educational programs29, 189, 204, 234

as risk prevention180-181, 189

critics234

curb consumption189

Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E)180

drug prevention programs181, 189

effectiveness180-181

forbid consumption51-52, 93, 136, 139, 146, 185, 189, 200-201

licenses to purchase189

plain packaging29, 189

warnings51, 189

exploitation35, 51, 232, 234

sale of drugs and penalties51

prohibition177-182

education as risk prevention180-181

critics234

Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E)180

victims51, 233

China

eighteenth century and drugs81

opium81, 86

Chinese

Canada75, 85

racism75, 76

United States

racism83-84

Chivers, Tom244

Chloroform

death rate 212

pain management drugs212

Choice(freedom of)202-203, 205

choice architects203

drugs

consumption96, 116

marijuana24, 128

regulation of drugs96, 115-116

prohibition of substances23, 79

Choice architects203

Church, Elizabeth and Andrea Woo248

Church, Elizabeth and Karen Howlett277

Cigarettes16, 94-96, 151, 184, 232

Canada94, 151

taxation192-193

unintended consequences192-193

illicit traffic94

smuggling94

children95, 123, 179

dependency28

prohibit smoking28, 185, 234

comparison with marijuana16, 24, 174

consumption90-91, 103, 104

children28

harmful consumption146, 184-185

curb of188, 197

incentives/rewards206

supply and demand103, 104, 169

taxation95, 161-162, 192-193

dependency rate95-96, 122, 186

e-cigarettes96, 179, 188

Food and Drug Administration151

glamour to filthy past-time94, 103, 184-185, 187

incentives/rewards

curb harmful consumption203, 206

independent agency151

legal interventions to curb excess95, 187-188, 189-190, 197

advertising 94, 95, 188, 196-197

Joe Camel197

ban on advertising

Quebec197

criminal sanctions28, 94

educational campaigns94

litigation95, 188

mandatory warning labels29, 95, 188, 198-201

benefits of200

prohibit sale to youths94, 185

taxing94

nudges

benefits of 203

percentage of smokers

Canadian population94

children94

permit but discourage20-21, 22, 23, 78-79, 90-91

private companies169

public acceptance94

regulatory regime25, 79, 80, 94, 103, 151

mix of interventions188-190, 197

sale of

private companies169

shifting norms94, 104, 106, 187-188, 189

taxation95, 161-162, 191-195

and revenue164

illicit traffic94

smuggling94

toxic habit79, 187

United States94

independent agency151

Food and Drug Administration151

Clark, Chelsea269

Clear, James254-255

Clemency Project44

Cnossen, Sijbren267, 268

Coca

crops66-67

Bolivia67

environmental impact66

eradication66

production66

Andes66

Roundup SL67

Cocaine25, 40, 56, 66, 83, 86

access174-175

consumption86, 101, 194

curb harmful consumption

incentives205-208

rewards vs penalties207-208

Vermont clinic207-208

decrease98, 101, 194

rise in98

criminalization83

Czech Republic67

dependency rate122

Freud, Sigmund185

harmful consumption46, 122

curb of

incentives205-208

rewards vs penalties207-208

Vermont clinic207-208

harsh sentencing44

Latin America

Mexico

cartels280

Drug Traffic Organizations280

production66

licensed pharmacies177

licensed purchasers177

Louis, Robert185

moral regulation82

racial inequalities56, 84

revenue40, 184

social regulation82

tainted cocaine46

taxation

impact on consumption194

the poor56

treatment

Vermont experiment207-208

United States84

consumption

decrease in194

taxation194

Uruguay67

users

percentage of 40

Britain46

poor minorities 56

whites56

vs painkillers214-215

Cockayne, James and Summer Walker252

Cohan, Peter264

Cohen, Lizabeth196-197, 269

A Consumers' Republic196-197

planned obsolescence197

improved model197

Cohen, Sarah209, 271

Cole, Claire et. al.

CUT: A Guide to Adulterants, Bulking Agents and Other Contaminants Found in Illicit Drugs244

Collins,Allan F.253

Collin, Chantal247

Collins, John

After the Drug Wars: Report of the LSE Expert Group on the Economics of Drug Policy249

Colo. Const. art. XVIII255

Colorado Department of Public Safety255

Compass, The249

Congestion and Parking Relief Incentives (CAPRI)205

Congressional Research Service of the

U.S. Congress64

Consumer sovereignty 196

Consumption50, 36, 186-187

alcohol39, 68, 91-94, 100-101, 184

consumer sovereignty 196

demand (suppression of)

smoking103-104

soft drinks103-104

drug treatment courts63-64

drugs21, 40, 54, 81-86, 185-186

children50-51, 68, 185

forbid consumption185

criminal justice system 41-42, 65, 79, 98, 100, 111, 160

curtail harmful use57, 103, 185

educational campaigns29, 50-51, 93, 139, 146, 185, 188, 189

critics234

licenses to purchase189

litigation189-190

mandatory warning labels29, 93, 146, 188, 189, 198-201

mix of interventions185, 188-190, 233

plain packaging29, 136, 189

prohibit driving under the influence177, 186, 189

prohibit use in public places29, 131, 189

restricting advertising185, 196-198

shifting norms187-189

taxes190-194

tax revenue194-195

demand (suppression of)102-104

government involvement153-157, 167-169

harm reduction36-37, 47, 185

heroin60

see heroin

legalization (impact on)41-42, 69, 98

new governance201-202

nudges

curb harmful consumption203-204

prescription drugs29

see prescription painkillers

price hike49, 98, 100, 101

private sector involvement167-169

regulation96-102

supply (control of)160, 162-165

users

white middle class126

race126

social class126

young185

Portugal68, 114-115

excessive consumption

control of28, 79, 91

gambling23, 184

harmful consumption102, 184, 185-186, 210-211

curb of29-30, 143-144, 184-208

incentives205-208

carrots 205, 206

sticks205, 206

mandatory warning labels 29, 93, 146, 189, 198-201

restricting advertising185, 196-198

rewards vs penalties206-207

regulation23

marijuana 25, 100, 111, 121, 123, 134-135, 174-178

Canada115-118

international114-115

United States112-114

norms104-106, 187-189

heroin and Vietnman War105-106

permit but discourage20, 78-79, 80-81, 90-91

prescription painkillers215-216, 217-218, 223-224, 225-229

regulation21, 90-96, 96-102, 150

smoking94-96, 184-185

taxation

alcohol191-193

impact on illegal market193

EU member states193

drugs

effects of 69, 101-102, 161-162, 190-191, 194

smoking193, 188

tax rate191-194

Contaminated drugs47, 122, 129

during production67

poor wrapping47

storage47

testing227

transportation47

unsterile equipment47

Contaminated needles 45

Contamination

alcohol193

Controlled Drug and Substance Act247

Conviction and penalties14, 63, 76

Cotter, John276

Counselling and treatment25, 37, 48, 50, 194, 207-208, 233

Count the Costs178, 180, 241, 266

Court of Appeal, Canada259

Crime and drugs15, 24-25, 41-42, 44-45, 49, 60, 63, 87-88, 113, 116-117, 119-120, 175, 216, 241

Criminal Code72, 156

Criminal law45, 61, 143

cannabis111, 113, 114, 118

changes in 109

children/youth

alcohol28

cigarettes28

drugs28, 51, 145-146, 177-182

gambling28

driving while impaired28

drug treatment courts63

drugs14-15, 23, 28, 43, 44-45, 51, 60-61, 68, 69, 79, 81-90, 98, 109, 111, 114-115, 138, 158

excessive consumption23, 51

critics79

impact on consumption178, 90-91, 98

critics68

prohibition of sale of drugs28, 177-178

racial inequality15

regulatory regime28

relax the laws on marijuana125

war on drugs13

Criminal Justicesystem13

criminal drug laws13, 14, 23

usage of13, 28

enforcement of83

drug control213

decriminalization

monetary savings69

gambling72

illegal acts 15, 35

immoral/wrong acts15

imprisonment14, 35

inequality in the law14, 15

marijuana laws111

Illinois138

overdoses, response to56

Crime reduction13, 41-42, 44, 63-64

drugs

statistics in decline of crime41-42

gambling76

Criminalization

alternative legal regime22, 24

costs of/implications30, 113, 116, 155, 167

critics 27, 41, 43, 67-68, 154

drug treatment courts37, 65

gambling70-72, 74

harm reduction57-58, 163

hollowing out of52-53

inequality on minorities117

limited role

protect children22

of drugs21, 22, 50, 74, 80, 83-85, 154

Canada 85, 116, 118

Stephen Harper116

England85

Portugal118

United States43, 80, 84, 85

Colorado118

Oregon118

Washington113

Uruguay118

impact on consumption178

imprisonment rates43-44

of gambling 38

of non-medical use of drugs37, 53, 65

vs harm reduction58

vs regulation21, 23, 25, 26, 80, 90-91, 98-102, 149, 159, 202

Criminal offences158, 168

cannabis related116, 120

crime rates42

decline in41-42

homicides41

incarceration rates42, 44

prosecution of

inconsistency24

racial inequalities42, 44, 120

sentencing43-44, 45

sexual offences41

Crush-dab-wait162

Csete, Joanne and Denise Tomasini-Joshi248

Csete, Joanne and Isidore Obot266

CTV News247

Cyberspace

purchase of drugs39

Czech Republic

possession of cocaine67

possession of heroin67

D

Dance music festival46

and deaths46

and hospitalizations46

pill testing 162

Danes

non-nutritious foods

taxation193

Deaths and drugs14, 46, 56, 58-59, 147, 159, 209-210, 214-215, 218, 219, 226

Decriminalization31, 40, 235

England

Royal Society for Public Health235

impact on illegal market145, 160

revenue145, 160

ineffectiveness 145, 159-160

Ireland67

marijuana24, 111

Europe26

opposition25

Portugal37, 67-68, 100, 114-115

public support55, 124-125

Canada

by province124-125

South America26

United States24-25, 26, 100

opposition to25

supply of drugs144-145

inadequate response144-145, 160

continued presence of illicit markets 160

continued presence of tainted drugs160

continued tax evasion160

risk of disease160

vs legalization40-41

Demand (and supply)27,28, 39, 49, 58-59, 144-145, 146, 161, 164-165, 174-177, 212, 215, 224

consumer sovereignty 196

control excessive consumption28, 144-145, 170-173

curb consumption160-163, 177-182

cigarettes95-96, 103

drugs160

soft drinks103

government involvement115, 144, 167-170, 235

illicit/underworld market54, 160-162

impact on consumption102-103, 146, 160

and smoking103

and soft drinks 103

drugs158-159, 160, 170-173, 174-178

impact on crime/violence40

impact on price of drugs98, 160

impact on underworld223, 224,

impact on supply49, 158-162, 170-173

Bolivia67

cocaine66

harm reduction163

licensing171, 172-173

licensed pharmacies177

licensed purchasers177

price hike49

revenue164-165

supply models172-173

Transform170-173

Global Commission on Drug Policy 170-173

licensing process171, 177

vendors licensed130, 137, 171

purchasers licensed171, 177

marijuana162

curb demand135

decrease in demand215

private companies167-170

suppress demand102-104, 160, 183-208, 232

harmful demand183-187

incentives

carrot and stick approach204-208

International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)88

mandatory warnings29, 198-201

mix of interventions187-201

new governance201-202

norms 106, 187-201

nudges202-204

pricing135, 160

restricting advertising29, 196-198

taxation29, 190-195

Wainwright, Tom160

Dependency197

alcohol122

drugs28, 41, 64, 68, 81, 122, 166, 177, 185, 186-187, 189

children51

marijuana24, 121-122, 186, 204

heroin105-106, 122, 186-187, 230

painkillers147, 214, 216, 223-224, 228, 230

smoking28, 96, 122, 189

Deterrence

alcohol93

and incarceration14

drugs47, 57, 63-64, 178-179

war on drugs14, 43

Dhar, Tirtha and Kathy Baylis269

Dhillon, Sunny and Karen Howlett276

Digital Dreams festival

and deaths46

Discrimination and racism

drugs14, 18, 35, 43, 56, 74, 80, 83-86, 117, 120, 232-233

among drug users

by ethnicity126

by social class126

gambling74, 75-76

Dispensaries

marijuana119

medical marijuana132, 155, 225

Canadian provinces155

Ambrose, Rona155

federal government155

provincial government155

Disproportionate enforcement/sentencing14, 120, 241

Dissuasion boards68

Distribution of drugs13, 36-37, 41, 49, 69, 87-88, 115, 152, 160, 175

'Doctor shop'

prescription painkillers228

Dodds, E. King250

Dreadful vice38, 70-77

Driving under the influence (DUI)

alcohol22, 64, 92-93, 201

drugs/ marijuana106, 114, 121, 136, 177-178, 179, 186, 189, 233

decline in fatalities179

Drugs

access27, 98, 145, 162, 170, 172-177, 178-179, 212, 225

controlled accessibility175

marijuana18, 24, 129-130, 131, 172, 211-212, 213, 225

naloxone60

Portugal100

Switzerland 175

heroin-assisted therapy (HAT)175-176

criticisms 175-176

needle syringe program175

opioid substitution175

unintended consequences174

and children

see children

and gambling

differences with38, 39, 73-74

parallels with74-77, 179

availability17, 21-, 24-25, 27 -28, 39, 41, 55, 59-60, 105, 116, 128, 135, 152, 174, 211-213, 226-227

limit availability59

choice23, 79, 82, 96, 115-116, 128, 202-203

consumption

see consumption

crimes

see Crime and drugs

criminal law

see Criminal law

criminalization

see Criminalization

curtail harmful use13, 20-22, 28-30, 31, 49, 50-51, 60-61, 98-102, 102-103, 139, 143-144, 146-147, 153, 157, 161-162,180-182, 183-208, 226-230

licenses to purchase189

litigation189-190

mandatory warnings29, 93, 146, 189, 198-201

mix of interventions146-147, 185, 188-190, 232-233

plain packaging29, 136, 189

prohibit driving under the influence177, 186, 189

prohibit use in public places29, 131, 189

restrict advertising185, 196-198

shifting norms104-106, 187-189

taxes190-195

cyberspace/internet 39-40

dangers of drug use45-47, 50-51, 83-4, 85-86, 121-122, 129, 144, 174-175, 178-179, 181, 200-201, 209-210, 223, 234

demand

see demand

dependency

see dependency

educational programs29, 48, 50-51, 93, 113, 148, 171, 181, 189, 194-195, 233-234

as risk prevention135-136, 139, 180-181, 189

and children29, 146, 180-181, 185, 189, 200-201, 204

critics179, 234

Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E)180

effectiveness180-181

forbid consumption51-52, 93, 136, 139, 146, 185, 189, 200-201

harm reduction

see harm reduction

see harm reduction/minimization

harmful use17, 46, 102, 122, 123-124, 184-186, 203-204, 210-211

see consumption, curtail harmful use

heroin

see Heroin

Insite clinic

see Insite

legalization

see Legalization

marijuana

see Marijuana

market for

see Market

medical marijuana

see Medical marijuana

new governance201-202

permit but discourage20-22, 78-106, 80, 144

prescription painkillers

see Prescription painkillers

prohibition

see Prohibition

purchase and sale

see Purchase and sale

racism14, 18, 35, 43, 56, 74, 80, 83-86, 117, 120, 232-233

among drug users

by ethnicity126

by social class126

disproportionate imprisonment119-120

slavery84

regulation

see Regulation

regulatory intervention

see regulation

revenue39, 40, 140, 164-165, 190, 221

from taxation

use of 194-195

supply 26, 27, 47, 49, 143-145, 170-173, 158-182

and consumption102-103

and demand28, 39, 88, 102-103, 146, 183, 224

children177-182

consumer sovereignty 196

control of143, 144-145, 170-173

curb harmful use177-182

ineffectiveness49, 160

unintended consequences49

government involvement 144, 157, 167-170, 170-172, 235

interventions (mix of)232

licensed growers130

licensing process171

licensed pharmacies177, 221

licensed purchasers177

limit58-59, 88

impact on underworld market28, 39-40, 47, 49, 54-55, 144-145, 160-161, 165, 224

International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)88

marijuana130-131, 135

models of

medical prescription 172-173

specialist pharmacy 172-173

licensed retail172-173

licensed premises172-173

unlicensed retail172-173

painkillers29

World Bank88

World Health Organization88

UNAIDS88

taxes39, 68, 135, 140, 164

trafficking13, 42, 47, 54, 60-61, 66, 81-82, 85-86, 87-88, 109, 182, 218, 221, 234

international syndicates87

Transform

see Transform

users

see drug use/user

Drug abuse

painkillers59-60, 147, 210, 220, 222-223, 226, 230

prevention113-114, 146, 180

public health concern17, 59

children180-182

Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E)180

education of risk prevention146, 180-181, 189

critics234

reduction of 63-64

treatment64

Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E)180

cigarettes

Drugs and the law17-18, 19, 20, 24-25, 26, 30, 36-37, 52, 55-56, 119-120, 125-126, 160, 222, 227

Drug cartels37, 40, 49

Drug control48, 213

international48, 87, 88-89, 90, 213

Political Declaration and Plan of Action88

Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs87

United Nations General Assembly Special Session88-89

United States48

Drug control complex44

Drug fiend80, 83

Drug-free world29, 167, 179, 180, 208, 231

Drug mules13, 41, 49

Drug reform88-89, 90, 232, 36-38, 39-41, 50-53, 65-68

Bolivia67

flexibility in implementation89

Global Commission on Drug Policy55, 89-90, 166-167

marijuana 111, 114-115, 119, 120

Portugal67-68

Transform166, 176-177

UNGASS89

United Nations University89

Wainwright, Tom89

Drug take-back events58-59

Drug trade

children 51, 178-179

employment/jobs69

illegality of13, 40-41, 48, 49, 85-86, 148, 159-160, 163

international48

legalized drug trade

benefits of40-41, 69, 140, 165

Mexico40

Drug traffic organizations (DTO)40

El Salvador40

Guatemala40

Honduras40

Mexico40

Drug treatment courts (DTC)37, 63-65

National Association of Drug

Professionals in the United States64

Congressional Research Service of the

U.S. Congress64

critics64-65

guilty plea65

urine tests65

women offenders65

aboriginal males65

Drug use/users21

children51-52

painkillers224-225

see children

dependency on drugs 185, 186-187

marijuana186-187

heroin186-187

statistics186-187

see dependency

drug treatment courts63-65

Four Pillars approach61

harm reduction36, 50, 57, 63, 163, 186

harmful use17, 186

curtail harmful use60, 139

among youth180-181

see consumption, curtail harmful use

intravenous users45, 57-58, 73

marijuana122, 123

adults123

by ethnicity126

by social class126

frequent consumers121

rates of use in Ontario123

youths17, 123, 145-146

see marijuana

non-problematic use185

Portugal68, 100

problem user185

UN Office of Drugs and Crime185

public health issue36-38, 50, 89, 186

systemic inequalities14, 44

racialized communities14, 44

poor 14, 56, 100

taxation69-70, 194

war on drugs43

Drug warriors89

anti-drug warriors93

Duchess of Devonshire70

Duff, James242, 249

Dunne, Hon. Peter265

Dwyer, Jim259

E

E-cigarettes96, 179, 188

Eckholm, Erik244

Economist, The53, 54, 55, 158, 231, 236, 245, 246, 253, 261, 263, 273, 278

Ecstasy

licensed pharmacies177

licensed purchasers177

tainted46

Edmonton

Drug treatment courts (DTC)63

fentanyl epidemic219

Ehrlichman, John43-44

Eighteenth century81, 82, 115, 123, 176

Electric dance music festival

drugs and deaths46

drugs and hospitalizations46

Electronic gaming machines99, 151, 204

Elliott, Odas V.270

Elliott, Stuart269

El Salvador40

End Mass Incarceration Now44

Enforcement of drugs43, 44, 48, 49, 54, 61, 63-65, 87-88, 116-117, 120, 133, 137-138, 155

England/Britain

alcohol91

crush-dab-wait162

drugs46, 81-82, 85, 134, 235

gambling39, 70-71, 74

marijuana134-138

opium

Suppression of the Opium Trade (SSOT)85

Royal Society for Public Health235

decriminalization of drugs235

Epstein, David and Propublica245

Ether

pain management drug212

EU member states193

Europe

legalization/criminalization26, 80

European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction178

European Union193

Excessive consumption187

alcohol92, 100-101, 184, 201

demand and supply28

gambling23, 38, 79, 203

harmful dependence186-187

painkillers147

permit but discourage 78-79, 90-91, 185

smoking197-198

suppression of23, 28, 79, 90-91, 184

mix of interventions93, 185, 187-188

unintended consequences223

Excise taxes

and drugs164, 190-195

discourage consumption190, 193

unintended consequences191

Executive Office of the President of the United States272

Export of drugs42, 87

F

'Facts' about opium

England85

Federal Court of Canada131, 260

Allard et al v Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada260

Federal government153-157

alcohol191

cigarettes95-96

drugs26-27, 30, 42, 44-45, 48, 61, 62, 144, 155-157

Clemency Project44-45

Fair Sentencing Act44

Le Dain Commission into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs30, 236

National Anti-Drug Strategy48, 50

Respect for Communities Act154

critics154-155

supporters 154-155

Safe Streets and Communities Act42, 48, 243

gambling72-73, 156

interventionist 30

legislation of recreational drugs26, 80, 1494

mandate letters157

marijuana116, 118, 125, 129-130, 132, 155

medicinal marijuana144, 155-156

conflict with provinces155

opioids59-60

naloxone59-60

prescription painkillers149

database to track deaths227

regulation144, 149

advantages153-154

conflict with provinces154

disadvantages153-154

safe injection sites61-62, 219

Federal Register, the Daily Journal of the United States Government269

Federation of State Medical Boards

United States

legislation and prescription painkillers222

Fedio, Chloe247

Fine, Sean243, 252

Food and Drug Administration (F.D.A.)151, 222-223

approval of painkillers222

addiction crisis222

Forum Poll, The246, 258

Friedman, Richard A.209, 271, 276

Friedman, Milton and Rose256

Frontline271

Food stamps44

Fair Sentencing Act44

Fentanyl59-60, 218-220

Canada218-220

Alberta209, 219

government response 219

political view

Nenshi, Naheed219

Trew, Dr. Michael219

Swann, David219

Notley, Rachel219

W-18 drug

higher potency220

British Columbia

fentanyl epidemic219-220

Manitoba

fentanyl scourge

prevention of219-220

epidemic59-60, 210, 219

overdose59-60, 210, 218, 219

"green jellies"218

May, Donna218

mixed with other drugs218

'opioid'31

pharmaceutical fentanyl218

potency218, 220

vs heroin218

vs morphine218

"street oxy"218

substitution effect224

use218-219

involvement in crime218

street drug218

Fentanyl scourge59, 218-220

Four Pillars approach61

Franco, Celinda248

Freud, Sigmund

and cocaine185

G

Gallant, Jacques247

Galvin, Emily V.248

Gangsters19, 27, 35

Gambling38-39, 70-77, 90-91, 184

and children28

forbid consumption123, 185, 234

and drugs

differences with38, 39, 73-74

parallels with74-77, 179

Canada23, 70-77, 79, 99

criminal law72, 75

criminal code72

criminalization 23, 38, 39, 71

waning of 72

dreadful vice38, 70, 71

electronic gaming machines151

harm minimization151

revenue maximization151

and New South Wales151

excess gambling22-23, 26, 38, 79, 184, 187, 203-204

gaming houses71

government75, 152, 156

federal72-73, 156

provincial72-73, 156

greatest social evil72

independent regulator151-152

Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons71

legalization23, 38, 70, 76, 79, 99

nudges203-204

Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation152

one vast casino70

opposition71, 72

religion71

Protestant churches71

permit but discourage78-79, 90-91

problem gamblers23, 79, 99, 152, 172

prohibition76, 79

ineffectiveness 23, 79

public attitudes71, 76-77

regulation23, 70, 72-73, 79, 156

independent agency151-152

licensing process171-172

responsible gambling features151

and New South Wales151

harm minimization151

revenue maximization151

revenue72, 73, 76

self-exclusion agreements203-204

video lottery terminals (VLTs)99, 204

disadvantages204

war on gambling76

Galanter, Marc242

Garde, Amandine and Alberto Alemanno269

Garofoli, Joe262

Garske, Monica and Tony Shin274

Gatehouse, Jonathon and Nancy Macdonald275

Gayle, Damien242

Germany86

Georgia213

pharmacies and painkillers213

Ghana213

pharmacies and painkillers213

Giovannetti, Justin275

Glanz, James, Walt Bogdanich and Agustin Armendariz263

Global Commission on Drug Policy36, 53-54, 170-173, 177, 186, 245, 261, 264, 265, 266, 267, 272

drug law reform55, 89-90, 148, 166-167, 177

evidence-based approach167

drug trade148

painkillers

abuse of212

supply of drugs

control of170-173

elements for170-172

licensing

licensed pharmacies177

licensed purchasers177

models of supply172-173

medical prescription 172-173

specialist pharmacy 172-173

licensed retail172-173

licensed premises172-173

unlicensed retail172-173

consumption186

Taking Control: Pathways to Drug Policies That Work166-167

Globe and Mail, The62, 247, 260

Godfrey, Will252

Golden Crescent (Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran)

production of drugs87

distribution of drugs87

Golden, Mark270

Good Samaritan laws37, 60-61, 139, 163, 227

Goodman, David J. and Anemona Hartocollis247

Goodnough, Abby and Katie Zezima266

Goodnough, Abby274

Goodwin v British Columbia (Superintendent of Motor Vehicles) and Attorney General of British Columbia253

Goss, Ernest P. and Edward A. Morse265

Government monopoly

sale of drugs134, 168-169

Graham, Brittany and Connie I. Carter246, 247, 277

Graham, Dave256

Graham, David A.261

Gray, Rebecca264

Greenberg, Andy242

"Green jellies"

fentanyl218

Greenslade, Roy236, 278

Grenier, Éric246

Grisaffi, Thomas249

Guatemala40

Gusfield, Joseph R. 252

H

Habitual Inebriates Act91

Habibi, Roojin119

Hague Convention86-87

Hallucinogens40

Halpern, Scott D. et. al.270

Hanson, Dirk254

Harm principle16

Harm reduction36, 37, 47, 50, 57-63, 67, 98, 139-140, 154, 163, 186, 194-195

benefits (over criminalization)58

overdose58-59

social well-being57

vs prohibition/criminalization58

Harm reduction/ minimization 50, 151, 154, 160, 163, 226-230

Harper, Stephen116, 154-155

and marijuana legalization/decriminalization116-117

Hartnagel, Timothy F. and Colin S. Campbell and Garry J. Smith250

Hartocollis, Anemona and J. David Goodman247

Haute high127, 259

Hawken, Angela, Mark A.R. Kleiman and Jonathan P. Caulkins 253, 259, 260

Health Canada130

doctors and medical-grade heroin175

Health consequences

drugs and death

see deaths and drugs

see overdose

drugs and children

see children

Hepatitis C14, 45

HIV14, 45, 57-58, 61

and criminal justice system14, 57-58

and drug treatment courts64-65

and harm reduction57-58, 61

Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network64-65

transmission rates57-58

Hepatitis C45

Healthy Menus Choices Act199

mandatory calorie disclosure

Canada199

Henton, Darcy and Trevor Howell272, 275`

Heroin25, 27, 40, 45, 54-55, 56, 81, 86, 87, 105, 162, 201, 210, 214-215, 229-230, 233

access81-82, 172, 174-175

controlled access174-175

Switzerland 172, 175

heroin-assisted therapy (HAT)175-176

criticisms 175-176

needle syringe program175

opioid substitution175

unintended consequences174-175

safe injection sites61-63, 175, 229-230, 235

Afghanistan66, 215

alternative to marijuana124, 215, 235

alternative to opium82, 215

and painkillers228

availability54-55, 81-82, 174-175, 214

restriction of228

unintended consequences174-175

safe injection sites175, 229-230

cheaper alternative215

contaminated/tainted heroin45-46, 46-47

Czech Republic67

dependency rate122, 186-187, 217

harmful substance121-122, 201, 210, 229-230, 233

Health Canada

doctors and medical-grade heroin175

heroin-assisted therapy (HAT)175-176

criticisms 175-176

Latin America66

Mexico40, 54-55, 66, 215

naloxone59-61, 226-227

overdoses56, 61, 215

comparison with other drugs214-215

deaths29, 56, 215

revenue from40, 164

safe injection sites61-63, 174-175, 229-230, 235

medical-grade heroin27-28, 175

tainted/contaminated heroin45-46, 46-47

United States54-55, 222, 226

and painkillers215

cheaper alternative215

overdoses56, 215

fatal56, 215

revenue40, 164

users

statistics40

young 56, 215

Uruguay67

use/ users56, 81, 96, 98, 105-106, 215

and infections47

racial differences56

social class differences56

youths56, 215

Vietnam War105-106

dependence on heroin105

relapse on heroin105

vs fentanyl214-215, 218

Heroin-assisted therapy (HAT)175-176

criticisms 175-176

Heyman, GeneM.188-189, 251, 254, 267, 271

High society127, 259

Hill, Kevin P.259

Hiller, Catherine259

HIV14, 45, 57-58, 61

and criminal justice system14, 57-58

and drug treatment courts64-65

and harm reduction57-58, 61

Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network64-65

transmission rates57-58

Hepatitis C45

Hoffman, Robert S.246

Hoffman, Steven119

Holland, Julie271

Holland, Kitty244

Hollowing out36, 52-70, 75, 109

Holocaust

impetus for human rights110

Honduras40, 66

Hospital (ization)

and drugs46, 214

Howell, Trevor and Darcy Henton272, 275

Howlett, Karen272, 276

Howlett, Karen et al.

A Killer High: How Canada Got Addicted to Fentanyl275

Howlett, Karen and Andrea Woo275

Howlett, Karen and Elizabeth Church277

Howlett, Karen and Sunny Dhillon276

Hudak, John and Grace Wallack260

Hughes, Caitlin and Alex Stevens238, 249

Hui, Ann and Craig Offman257

Human Rights

drugs89, 110, 167, 204

vulnerable members of society14, 109-110

painkillers212-213

access to212-213

Hypodermic kits82

I

Impaired use of substances203, 233

alcohol28, 92-93, 146

drugs28, 121, 136, 146, 177-178

gambling73, 99, 151, 172

Impurities

and drugs27, 46-47

production46

wrapping46

Incarceration44-45, 48, 54, 63-64, 165, 217

drugs13-14, 16, 41-45, 48, 86, 232

gambling75

racial inequalities14-15, 42, 44, 56, 119-120, 232-233

Incentives

carrots 205, 206

curb consumption of harmful use146-147, 190-191, 205-208, 233

sticks205, 20

Independent agency134, 144, 153

and drugs 87, 152-153

benefits149, 236

and cigarettes151

Food and Drug Administration151

and gambling151-152

Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation152

regulation26, 144, 149, 150-153

Injection sites

see Safe injection sites

Injections

drugs163, 223

and contaminants 47

and heroin47

and infection47

Insite clinic58, 61-63, 139, 154, 175

and five-year exemption of drugs62

constitutional right62

Institute for the Regulation and Control of Cannabis115

Institute of Medicine 254, 268

International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)48, 88, 213

International stage and drugs39, 48-49, 53-54, 65-68, 81-82, 83, 86-90, 156, 161, 212-213

Internet

drugs39-40

Intravenous drugs and users45, 57, 73, 227

Iran

distribution of drugs87

production of drugs87

Ireland45, 244

decriminalization of drugs37, 65-66

J

Jacobson, Mireille, David Powell and Rosalie Liccardo Pacula277

Jaeger, Kyle260

Jamaica

marijuana67, 115

Jamieson, Amber259

Jelsma, Martin264

Jessen, Christian266

Joe Camel197

cigarettes

ban on advertising

Quebec197

Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons

and gambling71

Jones, Josh266

Joseph Ryan Lloyd v Her Majesty the Queen243

Junk food

see Non-nutritious foods

K

K2122

Kane, Laura263

Karlin, Sam273

Keefe, Patrick Radden257

Kessler, David A.254, 269

Kilmer, Beau134-138, 152, 168-169, 243, 244, 254, 261

King, Leslie A., and David J. Nutt and Lawrence D. Phillips257-258

King, William Lyon Mackenzie85-86

Kirkey, Sharon273

Kiszko, Kamila M. et. al.270

Kleiman, Mark204, 261, 270

nudges and marijuana204

Kleiman, Mark A.R., Jonathan P. Caulkins and Angela Hawken253, 259, 260

Kolata, Gina271

prescription painkillers209

Kolodny, Andrew272

Komro, Kelli A., Alexander C. Wagenaar and Matthew J. Salois267

Kozlowski, Lynn T.267

Krishnan, Manisha275

L

Laanela, Mike260

Laqueur, Hannah249

Latin America37, 66-67, 87, 88-89, 115

decriminalization of drugs26, 37, 65-66, 80

cocaine66

heroin66

synthetic drugs66

methamphetamine66

production of drugs87-88

distribution of drugs87-88

Laudanum81-82

Laughing gas (nitrous oxide)

pain management drugs212

Law abounding20

Le Dain Commission into the

Non-Medicinal Use of Drugs30, 235-236

Leblanc, Daniel246, 258

Lee, Michael A.C. and Jonathan P. Caulkins253

Legalization26, 28, 38, 144, 233-234

alcohol79, 91-92, 161, 169, 193, 100-101

cigarettes161, 169, 187-188

comparison to other substances

prohibition of alcohol and gambling161

drugs2, 19-20, 29-30, 54-55, 65-66, 81, 119, 139-140, 146, 147, 160, 161-162, 163, 165-166, 182, 183, 189-190, 232, 235

and children51-52, 116, 122-123, 145, 146, 177-182

curb illegal market19-20, 39-41, 97, 137-138, 145, 147, 161-163, 165, 183, 236

economic benefit

taxes69-70

effectiveness97, 133, 232

Global Commission on Drug Policy148

government145, 165

impact on price of drugs98, 100-101

New Zealand

Psychoactive Substances Act176

public opinion25, 58, 98, 131

public support 55, 124-125

Transform

recommendations166, 176-177

gambling23, 38, 70-72, 75, 76-77, 79, 99-100, 156, 161

"legalization in disguise"37, 58

marijuana1, 24-25, 27, 37, 65-67, 80, 111, 132-133, 137-138, 139-140, 145

CAMH117-118

Canada24-25, 54-55, 55-56, 116, 118, 119, 124-125, 132, 169-170, 235

medicinal marijuana127-128

public opinion54-56, 113, 124-126, 127

South America115, 215

United States24-25, 37, 54-55, 55-56, 112-114, 125, 132-133, 134, 137-138, 152-153, 169-170, 174, 215

new governance201-202

Portugal

decriminalization vs legalization68

revenue

drugs164-165

terminology31

Legalization in disguise37, 58, 242, 264, 247

Legislature/legislation

and cigarettes197

and drugs86, 114-115, 119, 127-128, 149, 154-155, 159, 176-177, 222, 235

and independent authority26, 144, 149, 150-153

and non-nutritious foods197-199

Levamisole46

and Britain46

Levin, Rachel259

Levine, Harry G. and Craig Reinarman243

Liberman, Jonathan, Tania Voon and Andrew Mitchell269

Libertarianism 45

Licensing and drugs113, 115, 130-131, 135-138, 152-153, 155-156, 170-173, 176-177, 189-190

Liptak, Adam244

Liston, Barbara267

London

international drug trade81

see Britain

Louis, Robert

and cocaine185

Luciani, Patrick254

Luk, Vivian256

M

Macdonald, Nancy and Jonathon Gatehouse275

MacKay, Peter117

Macleod, Ian257

MacMaoláin, Caoimhin269

Macpherson, Donald and Connie I. Carter242, 243, 245, 248, 252, 253, 257, 265, 271, 272, 273, 274

Maghsoudi, Nazlee, Dan Werb and Tara Marie Watson258

Main, Douglas272

MacQueen, Ken246, 256

Malkin, Elisabeth and Azam Ahmed256

Mallea, Paula1, 242, 248, 257

Madan, Monique O.273, 276

Mandate letters157, 263

Mandatory minimum sentences14-15, 42-43, 241

Canadian Civil Liberties Association241

Manitoba

fentanyl scourge

prevention of219-220

Marchant, Jo277

Marijuana16-17, 24-25, 36, 40, 42, 98, 109-140, 162, 165, 168-169, 171, 172-173, 176-177, 186, 204, 211, 214-215, 225, 232, 233, 235

access24, 25, 111, 170-173, 174-178

Alaska112

and children/youths123-124, 126, 129, 135, 138, 178, 200-201

belladonna marijuana211

California127, 131-132, 152-153

Cannabidiol (CBD)121

cannabis tastings127

Canada21, 24, 26-27, 54-56, 112, 116, 117, 118-120, 122-123, 124-125, 131-132, 168-169, 178, 235

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health117, 168-169

Colorado112-115, 118, 129, 132-133, 137-138, 169-170

decriminalization24, 25-26, 37, 40-41, 55-56, 65, 67-68, 80, 100, 111, 114-115, 116-117, 124-125, 144-145, 160

dependence on24, 122, 186, 204

dispensaries119, 155

driving under the influence (DUI) of marijuana106, 114, 121, 123, 136, 177-178, 186

'gateway' to other drugs123-124

Jamaica 67, 115

legalization24, 25, 37, 65, 54-56, 80, 111, 112, 113, 116-118, 119, 124-126, 133, 137-138, 139-140, 174, 235

mandrake211

Mexico115, 215

Oregon112

pain relief128-130, 211-212, 225

Portugal37, 67-68, 100, 114-115, 116, 118, 124-125

racial inequalities56, 74, 80, 117, 119-120, 126, 232-233

regulation25-26, 28-29, 38, 45-47, 55-56, 67, 78-106, 112-113, 114-115, 117-119, 132-138, 145-146, 152-153, 163, 165-169, 176, 189-190, 200-201,203, 235

synthetic marijuana122

K2122

AK-47122

Scooby Snax122

Spain67, 115

taxation69-70, 113, 132-133, 135, 164-165

THC121, 123, 135-136

United States24-26, 37, 40, 54-55, 65-66, 80, 100, 112-115, 116, 118, 120, 124, 125-127, 129, 133, 134-138, 152-153, 165-166, 169, 171, 174, 215

Uruguay 67, 115, 116, 118, 124, 173

Washington112-115, 132, 135, 137-138, 169-170, 171

Marin, André262

May, Donna218, 274

McDonald, David and Alex Wodak261

McGirr, Lisa93, 253

McKeon, Lauren244

McKnight, Peter265

McLellan, Anne235

McPhate, Mike266

Medicinal marijuana24, 81, 111, 114, 119, 127-133, 134, 144, 152-153, 155-156, 168-169, 212, 215, 225, 242

Bureau of Medical Marijuana Regulation152-153

growing for personal use131

response by Federal Court131

Legalization128, 131-132, 133

pain relief211-212, 225

Regulation132-138, 168-169

sale of (Shoppers Drug Mart)119

therapeutic value111, 114, 127, 128-129, 130-131, 132, 134

Mele, Christopher274

Meier, Barry269

Methamphetamine40, 66

Methadone214-215, 217

Ontario217

replaced by buprenorphine (suboxone/subutex/zubslov)217

safer alternative217

reduction in overdoses217

use of

critics217

misuse of

critics217

Monopolistic travesty133

Mexico40, 66, 89-90, 115

cartels49

heroin66, 215

marijuana40, 215

prescription painkillers54-55, 215

soft drinks and taxes103

Marketing

see Advertising

Mason, Gary260

Mandatory warning labels

curb consumption29, 50-51, 93, 95, 136, 146-147, 188-189, 198-201, 204, 233

effectiveness198-199, 200

Mandatory calorie disclosure 110, 198-199

benefits of 199-200

United States199

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)199

Canada

Healthy Menus Choices Act199

Menu labelling

see Mandatory calorie disclosure

Middle Ages

opium211-212

Battle of Borodino, 1812212

Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care262, 277

Miron, Jeffrey A. and Katherine Waldock249, 264

Monopolistic travesty133-134

Martha Stewart of marijuana127

Markets28

alcohol79, 91-92, 193

illicit market20-21, 23, 39

cigarettes192-193

consumption

curb consumption

ineffectiveness49

illegal35-36

illicit29, 74

lucrative black market135

underworld35-36

drugs13, 27, 47 54-55, 69-70, 98-102, 139-140, 143, 167-170, 230, 232-233

black market16-17, 137-138, 145

illegal39-40, 45-46, 51-52, 68, 97, 101, 145-147, 153, 159-160, 165, 182, 183, 220

illicit39-41, 97, 113-114, 132-133, 159-160, 160-162, 167, 194, 216, 218-219

underworld/underground market25, 39, 88, 122, 145-147, 164, 174-175

gambling79

illicit market20-21, 23, 39, 74

non-nutritious foods

aggressive market79

Miers, David242, 249

Migration to illegality 161

Minorities

see racial inequalities

Mitchell, Andrew, Tania Voon and Jonathan Liberman269

Morse, Edward A. and Ernest P. Goss265

Morton, Suzanne75, 76, 238, 249, 250-251

Mr. Big

drug distribution48

Murphy, Jessica248

Musgrave, Jane273, 276

Music festival

and drugs 46, 162

MDMA46

Morphine31, 81-82, 83, 87, 91, 211, 212, 214

N

Nagourney, Adam258

Naloxone37, 59-60, 139, 163, 226-227

Narcotics66, 69, 71, 80-81, 93-94

terminology31

Narcotics Monitoring System228, 277

National Advisory Committee on Prescription Drug Misuse277

National Anti-Drug Strategy48, 50

National Association of Drug Court Professionals248

National Association of Drug Professionals in the United States64

National Institute on Drug Abuse 224-225

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine Committee on Developing a Strategy to Reduce and Prevent Underage Drinking268

Needles

tainted45-46, 61, 73, 159, 175-176

New England Journal of Medicine206, 270

New governance201-202, 206

New psychoactive substances (NPS)37, 176

controlled production176

controlled sale176

regulation176

New York Times, The44, 126, 244, 245, 260, 262, 276

New Zealand

new psychoactive substances37, 67, 176

Psychoactive Substances Act176

labelling176

marketing176

sale of substance176

age restrictions176

Nineteenth century

alcohol91

drugs21, 74, 80-82, 83, 85, 90, 212

England85

international drug trade81

Nitrous oxide (laughing gas)

pain management drugs212

Nixon Whitehouse43

Non-medicinal prescription drugs29-30, 31, 37, 52-53, 65, 74, 82, 88, 210-211, 214, 235-236

Canada214

rise in use214

vs other substances

alcohol214

cannabis214

tobacco214

International Narcotics Control Board88

Le Dain Commission into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs30

overdoses58, 214

United States214

Non-nutritious food and beverages

and children 103-104

consumption among Francophone vs Anglophone197-198

curb excess consumption103-104, 183-184, 185

consumption

curb consumption103-104, 146, 183-185

taxation103, 193, 195

Danes193

Mexico

taxation and consumption103

permit but discourage20-21, 78-79, 90-91

public attitudes

shifting of 103-104

regulatory interventions110-111, 146, 184-185, 193, 197

mandatory calorie disclosure 110, 198-199

benefits of 199-200

Canada

Healthy Menus Choices Act199

United States199

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)199

restrictions on advertising110, 197-198

taxation110, 193, 195

public support195

regulatory regime22-23, 25-26, 79-80, 90-91

sugar-sweetened beverages110, 111, 195

United States

taxation

Massachusetts195

New York195

Norms and public attitudes22, 30, 83, 90, 102, 104-106

alcohol92-93

and discouraging harmful consumption104-105, 184

consumption norms105

drugs

curtail harmful use105-106, 187-201

mix of interventions188

regulatory intervention189-190

through regulation of information184

mandatory warning labels198-201

restrict advertising 196-198

through taxes184, 190-195

prohibition84-85, 125

gambling71

heroin and Vietnam War105-106

shifts in public attitudes55-56, 66, 70-71, 75-76, 84-85, 92, 103-104, 111

smoking94, 103, 187-188

Nudges202-204, 205, 206, 233

benefits of 203-204

marijuana204

Kleiman, Mark204

Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness202, 270

Simpler: The Future of Government202

Sunstein, Cass202-203

choice architects203

cool and rational202-203

planning fallacy202-203

status quo bias202-203

Thaler, Richard202, 270

choice architects203

cool and rational202-203

planning fallacy202-203

status quo bias202-203

Why Nudge?202

Nutt, David J., Leslie A. King and Lawrence D. Phillips257-258

O

Obama administration48, 199, 226

Obot, Isidore and Joanne Csete266

Offman, Craig and Ann Hui257

Offman, Craig260

Ofri, Danielle274

Omand, Geordon243

Ombudsman of Ontario152, 262

One vast casino70

Ontario

gambling152

marijuana123

methadone217

non-nutritious foods and beverages

Healthy Menu Choices Act199

overdoses/deaths58, 214, 218-219

painkillers220-221, 223-224, 228

Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation 152, 262

Open Society

children

Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E)180

prevent harmful consumption

educational programs180-182

as risk prevention180-181

critics234

Opiates

terminology 31, 211

Opioids29-30, 40, 54-55, 58-59, 67, 81-86, 147, 209-230

abuse of 147, 210-212, 220, 226

illegal market220

legislation/regulation220

pharmaceutical companies220-222

big business221

profit/revenue221

physician prescriptions209-210, 213, 215-217, 220-223

decline in prescriptions224

'doctor shop'228

substitution effect224

availability210, 212, 220, 222-223, 224

Food and Drug Administration (F.D.A.)222-223

Global Commission on Drug Policy212

illegal market220

legislation and prescription painkillers220, 222

limited availability 212-213

model of supply172-173

pharmaceutical companies220-222

big business221

profit/revenue221

physician prescriptions209-210, 213, 215-217, 220-223

'doctor shop'228

Werb, Dan220-221, 230

Centres for Disease Control (CDC)215-216, 228-229

reduction in over prescribing among doctors228

Cohen, Sarah209

decline in emergency room visits224

dependency147, 223

'doctor shop'228

driving under the influence178, 210

'facts'85

Federation of State Medical Boards

United States

legislation and prescription painkillers222

fentanyl

epidemic210, 218-219

overdose deaths210, 218

scourge217-219

Food and Drug Administration (F.D.A.)222-223

addiction crisis222

approval of painkillers222

Friedman, Richard A.209

Global Commission on Drug Policy212

global deprivation of pain relief212

harm minimization 58-63, 211, 226-230

Good Samaritan laws37, 59, 60-61, 227

naloxone37, 59-60, 226-227

safe injection sites37, 61-63, 227

tracking system228

Ontario

Narcotics Monitoring System228

human rights212-213

international human rights laws212-213

International Narcotics Control Board213

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime213

international factors (laws)212-213

International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)213

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)213

Kolata, Gina209

marijuana 156

useful alternative128-129, 225

opioid withdrawal program214

overdose209, 210, 214-215

among youths209

curtailment of217

decline in overdoses224

fatal210, 213-214, 218, 226

Canada213-214

United States213-214

tracking system228

Oxycodone214-215, 217

OxyContin218,221, 222, 223

most abused223

most prescribed223

OxyNeo

tamper-resistant painkiller223

painkiller scourge210, 220, 232

Werb, Dan220-221, 230

pain reliever

medication211-213, 221

availability 212-213

for terminal illness221

for nonmalignant conditions221

pharmacies213, 214, 216, 219-222

Africa213

big business221

profit/revenue221

Georgia213

Ghana213

lawsuits against221

Purdue Pharma221-222

civil lawsuits221-222

restrictive control213

robberies216

physicians210, 213, 215-217, 220-223

criminal trafficking221

decline in prescriptions224

'doctor shop'228

overprescribing209-210, 213, 215-217, 220-223

tracking system228

Ontario

Narcotics Monitoring System228

recreational use147

revenue221

sale of

by patients215-216

Shumlin, Peter222

substitution effect224

terminology31, 211

treatment219

synthetic substances217

methadone217

buprenorphine (suboxone/subutex/zubsolv)217

opioid substitution therapy217

use / users 98-99, 214-216

Canada214

United States214

source of opioids for use216

youths215

decline in usage224-225

decline in use224

rise in use (statistics)214, 224

substitution effect224

Zohydro222

Opioid substitution therapy175, 217

number of participants (statistics)217

Opioid withdrawal program214

Opium81-86, 211-212

addicts/addiction82, 83

Afghanistan215

Ebers Papyrus81

England82, 85

Hague Convention86-87

laudanum81, 82

Mexico55, 215

Muslims81

pain relief81-82, 211-212

alternative treatment/medication

medical marijuana225

placebo225

Paracelsus

laudanum81

racial inequality83-84

yellow peril83-84

Shanghai Commission of 190986

Sierra Madre215

Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade85

stupor

Greek roots of opium211

Thomas Sydenham

so efficacious81

Orford, Jim251

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)262-263

Organized crime13, 25, 74, 75, 87, 92, 148

Osborne, Judith A. and Colin S. Campbell250

Overdose68, 128-129, 186-187, 200-201, 209

buprenorphine (suboxone/subutex/zubslov)217

epidemic59, 219

fatal56, 58, 210, 214-215, 218-219

fentanyl 210, 218

Canada210, 218, 219

western Canada219

fatal overdose218, 219

harm minimization measures58-63, 163

Good Samaritan laws38-39, 59, 60-61, 227

naloxone38-39, 59-60, 139, 226-227

safe injection sites38-39, 61-63, 227

heroin56

opioids29, 37, 58, 128-129, 209-210, 214-215

decline in 224

fatal overdose58, 213-214

Canada58, 213-214

United States210, 213-214

vs automobile accidents29, 210

Oxycodone217

fatal overdose214-215

vs fentanyl218

OxyContin218, 221, 222, 223

OxyNeo

tamper-resistant painkiller223

Owusu-Bempah, Akwasi261

P

Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo, David Powell and Mireille Jacobson277

Painkillers

see Opioids

Pain relief

medical marijuana

see marijuana

see medical marijuana

opioids

see opioids - pain reliever

Painkiller scourge54-55, 59, 158, 209-210, 218-220, 232

Pakistan

distribution of drugs87

production of drugs87

Papyrus, Ebers81

Paracelsus81

Pardo, Bryce, Peter Reuter and Harold A. Pollack 263

Park, Haeyoun and Matthew Bloch271

Parker, Odessa Paloma259

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)199

mandatory calorie disclosure

United States199

Pear, Robert271

Permit but Discourage20-22, 78-79, 80-81, 90-96

Bogart, W.A.242, 250, 251, 253, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 270

Peters, Jeremy W. 244

Pharmacy213, 214, 216, 219-222

painkillers220, 221

Africa213

big business221

profit/revenue221

Georgia213

Ghana213

lawsuits against221

Purdue Pharma221-222

civil lawsuits221-222

restrictive control213

robberies216

licensed177

robberies216

Pharmacy Benefact247

Phillips, Lawrence D., David J. Nutt and Leslie A. King257-258

Philpott, Jane63, 89, 226, 252, 263

Letter from Rt. Hon. Justin Trudeau263

Statement for the Government of Canada252

Picard, André247

Planning fallacy202-203

Policing and enforcement

see Criminal justice

Political Declaration and Plan of Action (PDPA)88-89

Pollack, Harold A., Peter Reuter, and Bryce Pardo263

Porter, Eduardo243

Portugal

AIDS68

drugs67-68, 100, 114-116, 118

decriminalization37, 67-68, 100, 114-115, 118, 124-125

illegal market68, 100

Powell, David, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula and Mireille Jacobson277

Prescription painkillers

see Opioids

Prevention

drug prevention programs15, 48, 50-51, 61, 69-70, 88, 97, 114, 136, 177-182, 194-195, 213

Prison sentences

see Incarceration

Private corporations167-170

alcohol169-170

profits of sale of drugs168

regulation of marijuana168-169

smoking169

Problematic use/users

alcohol92

drugs31, 82, 133, 177, 181, 184-185, 186-187, 232-233

Prohibition15-17, 23-24, 29-31, 47, 50, 57, 67, 83, 90-91. 99-100, 183

alcohol23, 28, 39, 79, 83, 85, 91-94, 100-101, 161, 177-179

gambling23, 28, 71-72, 73, 75-76, 79, 161, 177-179

smoking28, 95, 177-179, 188

marijuana/drugs16, 23-24, 36-37, 39-41,45, 47, 50-51, 57-58, 67-68, 86-88, 99-100, 114-118, 130-131, 132-133, 165-167, 175-177, 189-190, 235

and children28,31, 123, 146, 177-179, 189, 198, 234

driven by lobbyists 84

illegal market39, 160-161

public opinion58, 85-86, 125, 100-101, 125-126

vs regulation20-21, 23, 25-26, 31, 78-79, 96-97, 132-133, 145-146, 165-167

Propublica and David Epstein245

Provincial government

gambling72-73, 156-157, 204

mandate letters157

drugs59,60, 144, 154, 153-157, 219-220, 224

medicinal marijuana155

conflict with federal government155

regulation26-27, 144, 149, 155-156

conflict with federal government154

harm minimization154

safe injection sites 154

Respect for Communities Act154

critics154-155

supporters 154-155

vs independent authority26, 144, 149

Provine, Doris43, 44, 82, 243, 251

Pruden, Hal250

Psychedelics177

licensed venue177

Psychoactive substances37, 67, 81, 129, 176

Muslims81

New Zealand67, 176

Psychoactive Substances Act176

labelling176

marketing176

sale of substance176

age restrictions176

Public attitudes

see Norms and public attitudes

Public health

see Death and drugs

see Overdose

see Children

Purchase and sale

alcohol91-92, 193, 169-170

cigarettes95-96, 169, 188

drugs21, 29, 31, 38, 39-40, 45, 69-70, 82, 86-87, 98, 126, 132-138, 163, 168, 169, 173, 175-176, 186, 189, 194-195, 218-219, 224, 229

to children51-52, 145-146

prohibition177-182, 185, 234

government27, 140

monopoly168-169

private corporations168-169

profits of sale168

resist regulation168

licensing152-153, 171-173, 177

licensed purchasers115, 171-173, 177

licensed vendors130, 137, 171-173

non-nutritious beverages103-104, 195

Purdue Pharma221-222

civil lawsuit against221-222

Q

Quebec

cigarettes

ban on advertising to children29, 197

Joe Camel197

drugs

decriminalization

support125

gambling74-75

non-nutritious foods

advertising to children185

consumption among Francophone vs Anglophone197-198

safe injection sites154

Quinn, Stephen257

Quinones, Same272

R

R v Malmo-Levine, R v Caine15-16, 241

R v Parker259

R v Smith260

Rabin, Roni Caryn273

Racial inequalities 14, 18, 35, 43, 56, 74, 80, 83-86, 117, 119-120, 232, 233

among drug users

by ethnicity126

by social class126

imprisonment42, 44, 119-120

slavery84

Raine, Kim et. al.269

Ramsey, Geoff255-256

RAND Drug Policy Center40, 134, 243, 261, 277

Ready-to-drink beverages (RTDs)191

Recidivism

Drug treatment courts64-65

Reed, Jack K. 255

Regulation20-23, 24-25, 27, 30, 55, 79, 90-91, 102-104, 116, 125, 161, 162, 169-170, 149-157, 189-190, 204

regulation lite204, 206, 208

alcohol91-94, 100-101

public support124-125,

Canada12598-99

cigarettes94-96, 151, 169, 188

gambling38, 70-73, 151-152, 156

drugs25-26, 28-29, 38, 45-47, 55-56, 67, 78-106, 112-113, 114-115, 117-119, 132-138, 145-146, 152-153, 163, 165-169, 176, 189-190, 200-201,203, 235

new governance201-202

Transform166, 176-177, 195

effectiveness96-106, 232

terminology31

who should regulate144, 149-157

independent agency144, 149, 150-153

benefits149, 236

government 144, 149, 153-157

independent agency150-153

Food and Drug Administration151

benefits236

revenue97, 164-165

consumption97-104, 190

regulatory interventions

taxation69-70, 164, 190-196

restrict advertising196-198

mandatory warning labels198-201

vs prohibition20-21, 23, 25-26, 31, 78-79, 96-97, 132-133, 145-146, 165-167

Regulation lite204, 206, 208

Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine243

Relapse

drug use64, 105

Responsible gambling features(RGFs)151-152

Respect for Communities Act154, 263

Reuter, Peter, Harold A. Pollack and Bryce Pardo263

Robins, Lee. N254

Role of law17-18, 20

Rolles, Stephen1, 253, 263-264, 265, 268, 270

Ross, Theodore259

Roundup SL67

Royal Society for Public Health Vision, Voice and Practice235, 236, 278

Rule of law17-18

S

Sadinsky, Stanley262

Safe injection sites14, 27-28, 36-37, 61-63, 139, 154-155, 175, 219, 227, 229-230, 235

see Insite

Safe Streets and Communities Act42, 48, 243

Salamon, Lester M. 270

Sale and purchase

see Purchase and sale

Salois, Matthew J., Kelli A. Komro and Alexander C. Wagenaar267

Sanger-Katz, Margot254, 255

Sassi, Franco254

Schultz, George53-54

Schwartz, Alan276

Scooby Snax122

Seelye, Katharine Q.246

Self-exclusion agreements203-204

Semiatin, Steven272

Shafir, Eldar254

Shanghai Commission of 190986-87

Shared responsibility 49

Shin, Tony and Monica Garske274

Shoppers Drug Mart

sale of medical marijuana119

Shumlin, Peter222, 276

Simpler: The Future of Government202, 270

Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 196187

Skov, Steven J.268

Smith, Garry J. and Timothy F. Hartnagel and Colin S. Campbell250

Smoking

see Cigarettes

Society for the Study of Inebriety91

Solomon, Robert and Erika Chamberlain252

Sontag, Deborah274

South America

see Latin America

Spain

marijuana67, 115

Sproule, Beth et. al. 274

State of Washington, Statue Law Committee255

Status quo bias202-203

Stevens, Alex and Caitlin Hughes249

Stevens, Rhys250

"Street oxy"

fentanyl218

Stockwell, Tim et. al.267-268

Suboxone (buprenorphine/zubslov/subutex)217

Substitution effect

prescription painkillers224

Subutex (buprenorphine/zubslov/suboxone)217

Sugar-sweetened beverages110-111, 195

Sunstein, Cass202, 203, 270

choice architects203

cool and rational202-203

Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness202, 270

planning fallacy202-203

Simpler: The Future of Government202, 270

status quo bias202-203

Why Nudge?202, 270

Supply and demand

see Demand (and supply)

Suppression of the Opium trade (SSOT)85

Supreme Court of Canada

judgments of15-16, 43, 54, 62, 93, 131, 197, 241, 247, 252-253, 260, 269

Switzerland175-176

access to drugs175

heroin-assisted therapy (HAT)175-176

Sydenham, Thomas81

Synthetic drugs66, 176, 217

dangers122

fentanyl218

synthetic marijuana122

AK-47122

K2122

Scooby Snax122

Systemic inequality14, 15

see Racial inequalities

T

Tainted substances35, 47, 97

drugs14, 21, 23, 25, 45-47, 68, 79, 122, 140, 145, 159, 160, 162-163, 201

cocaine46

ecstasy46

needles14, 61, 73, 159

Tavernise, Sabrina262, 266, 277

Taxation29, 38, 69, 140

alcohol92, 191-192, 193

alcopops191

Australia191

cigarettes95, 161, 188, 192-193

curb consumption29, 93-94, 97, 101-102, 146-147, 161, 194, 233

drugs69-70, 98-99, 101-102, 132-133, 135, 160, 164-165, 190-191, 194-195

advantages69-70, 190

disadvantages190-191

target the poor190

a "license"190

implications of untaxed profits39, 174-175, 232

non-nutritious foods and beverages103, 110-111, 193

revenue

alcohol91-92

drugs38, 69, 97, 132-133, 164-165, 221

gambling70, 72-73, 76-77, 151

loss of revenue21, 27, 35, 68, 74, 137-138, 140, 145, 159, 174-175

use of revenue from taxes114, 191, 233

sale of drugs

effective use48, 50, 69-70, 113, 136, 164-165, 181, 194-195

non-nutritious foods and beverages195

Thaler, Richard202, 203, 270

choice architects203

cool and rational202-203

Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness202

planning fallacy202-203

status quo bias202-203

THC121, 123, 135-136

The Alternative World Drug Report, counting the costs of the war on drugs: Executive Summary13, 241

Tobacco

see Cigarettes

Tomasini-Joshi, Denise and Joanne Csete248

Trafficking13, 40, 41-42, 47, 54, 61, 66, 81, 86, 87, 95, 109, 193, 218, 221, 228, 234

international syndicates87

Transform166, 170, 172-173, 176-177, 195, 200-201

Trask, Steven and Jeremy Wilkinson245

Treatment50-51, 234

drugs14, 25, 37, 42, 48, 61, 62-65, 67-68-70, 97, 132-138, 139, 175, 179, 181, 194-195, 216-217, 233

gambling23

Trevelyan, George249

Trudeau, Justin118

Twentieth Century 21, 23, 90-91, 179, 196-197, 211

alcohol39, 84-85, 91-92, 94, 192

cigarettes/smoking19-20, 94-96, 197-198, 192-193, 200

drugs41-43, 74, 80-81, 83-90, 98, 124-125, 127-128, 174-175, 209, 212, 221-222

gambling23, 38, 71-72, 74-75, 75-77, 156

Twenty-first century 42, 44-45, 157, 164, 179, 207

alcohol93, 192

cigarettes206

drugs24, 37, 39-40, 41-42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 50, 54, 55-56, 59-63, 64, 67, 69, 88-89, 92, 100, 112, 114-115, 116-117, 118-119, 120, 123-125, 126, 127-128, 130-132-133, 138, 151-152, 154-156, 166, 175-176, 202, 209-210, 212, 214-216, 217-221, 222-223, 224-226, 228-229, 235

gambling73, 152

non-nutritious foods and beverages191-192, 195, 199

U

UNAIDS88

UNICEF123, 258

Unequal Under Law: Race in the War on Drugs43

Uniform Controlled Substances Act, 1994255

United Church Observer72, 249

United Nations Convention on the Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs, 1988 88

United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS)88-89, 118-119

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)185-186, 213, 267

United Nations University89

United States207

alcohol79, 91-93, 191-194, 195

drinking and driving179

California44, 113, 127, 129-130, 131-132, 133, 152-153, 205, 207

Centres for Disease Control (CDC)215-216, 228

prescription painkillers215-216

reduction in over prescribing among doctors228

Colorado112-115, 118, 129, 132-133, 137, 169

Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E)180

drug treatment courts (DTC)63-64

drugs39, 40, 43-45, 48-49, 69, 82, 83, 84-85, 126, 194, 207-208

Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.)180

drug control complex44

drug treatment courts63-64

Fair Sentencing Act44

gender inequalities84

racial inequalities84

Shanghai Commission of 190986-87

Florida60-61, 122, 195

gambling79

heroin54-55, 82-83, 105-106, 215, 256

hollowing out52-53

K2122

marijuana24, 26, 37, 40, 54-55, 65-66, 80, 100, 112-115, 116, 118, 120, 124, 125-127, 129, 133, 134-138, 152-153, 165-166, 169, 171, 174, 215

regulation37, 132-138

medicinal marijuana24, 127-130, 131-132, 152, 215

regulation132-138

naloxone59, 60, 226-227

New York126

non-nutritious foods and beverages103-104, 194-195, 197-198, 199

taxation194-195

mandatory calorie disclosure

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)199

opioid painkillers54-55, 60-61, 82-83, 147, 152-153, 207-208, 210-211, 214-216, 221-222, 223, 224, 226, 228

Centers for Disease Control215-216, 228-229

Federation of State Medical Boards222-223

Food and Drug Administration222-223

Good Samaritan laws60-61, 227

overdose209, 210, 213-214, 227, 256

fatal213-214

pharmacies82, 214, 216, 221-222

big business221

lawsuits against221-222

Purdue Pharma221

civil lawsuits221-222

revenue/profit221

Purdue Pharma221-222

physician prescriptions210-211, 214, 215-216, 222, 228-229

vs automobile accidents210

revenue

alcohol164

drugs69, 164, 221

tobacco164

smoking95-96, 151, 192-193, 200

Sunstein, Cass202-203

Thaler, Richard202-203

Vermont 207-208, 222

Washington112-115, 132, 135, 137-138, 169, 171

UK Home Office

impact of criminal law on consumption178

Uruguay67

Institute for the Regulation and Control of Cannabis115

marijuana115, 116, 118, 124 173,

V

Valverde, Mariana251, 252

Vancouver85

gambling76

marijuana dispensaries120, 132, 155

safe injection sites61-63, 139, 154, 175

Varcoe, Chris275

Verdun Messenger250

Vermont222

cocaine

curb harmful consumption207-208

Video lottery terminals (VLTs)99, 204

Vietnam War

and heroin105-106

Voon, Tania, Andrew Mitchell and Jonathan Liberman269

Vulnerable members of society and the law65

children35, 51-52, 123, 177-182, 232, 233, 234

see Racial inequalities

W

Wagenaar, Alexander C., Matthew J. Salois and Kelli A. Komro267

Wainwright, Tom89, 160, 242, 252, 253, 263, 265

Waldock, Katherine and Jeffrey Miron249, 264

Walker, Summer and James Cockayne252

Wallack, Grace and John Hudak260

Wansink, Brian254

War on Drugs

1-2, 19, 21, 35-76, 88-89, 112-118, 139, 143, 178-180, 215, 232, 234, 236

children51-52, 178-179, 234

critics48, 53-55, 56, 66, 88-89

drug treatment courts37, 40, 63-65

failure of the war17-18, 21, 35, 43-44, 48, 54, 56, 66, 88-89, 232

hollowing out36, 52-53, 58

illicit/underground market13-14, 35

Warren, Gina S.255

Watson, Tara Marie, Dan Werb and Nazlee Maghsoudi258

Weare, William249

Weeks, Carly277-278

Wente, Margaret125, 132, 242, 246, 247, 258, 259, 260

Werb, Dan122, 220, 230, 272, 276, 278

Werb, Dan, Tara Marie Watson and Nazlee Maghsoudi258

White House Announces Community Forums on Opioid Epidemic277

White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity254

Wilkinson, Jeremy and Steven Trask245

Williams, Jess274

Wison-Raybould, Ms.

Letter from Rt. Hon. Justin Trudeau263

Wodak, Alex and David McDonald261

Woo, Andrea and Elizabeth Church248

Woo, Andrea and Karen Howlett275

Woo, Andrea265

Woodcock, Janet276

World Bank88

World Health Organization50, 88, 178, 268

Why Nudge?202

X

Y

Yellow peril84

YouTube

The Agenda with Steve Paikin271

Z

Zedillo, Ernesto (President of Mexico)90

Zubsolv (buprenorphine/suboxone/subutex)217

Zohydro222